Burkina Faso Under Ibrahim Traoré: A Nation in Transformation

By Halim Gençoğlu

Introduction

Burkina Faso, a landlocked West African nation, has experienced significant political and social upheaval in recent years. The rise of Captain Ibrahim Traoré to the presidency in 2022 marked a pivotal moment in the country’s history. This paper delves into the current situation in Burkina Faso, examining the socio-political dynamics that have shaped Traoré’s leadership and popularity.

Burkina Faso, formerly known as Upper Volta, experienced French colonial rule from the late 19th century until its independence in 1960. The colonial history can be summarized in key phases:

French Colonization (1896–1958)

French forces began occupying the territory in the 1890s, defeating powerful local kingdoms such as the Mossi Empire. By 1896, Ouagadougou was captured, and France gradually extended control over the region through military campaigns and treaties.

Upper Volta was incorporated into the larger federation of French West Africa (Afrique Occidentale Française, AOF).  Colonial administrators imposed taxes, forced labor, and conscripted soldiers for World War I, leading to resistance and rebellions.

In 1932, France dissolved Upper Volta, dividing its territory among neighboring colonies (Côte d’Ivoire, French Sudan, and Niger) due to administrative costs and economic inefficiency. This fragmentation disrupted local governance and ethnic unity. After World War II, Upper Volta was reconstituted in 1947 amid rising African nationalism. Political movements emerged, such as the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV), advocating for autonomy. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in 1958 and gained full independence on August 5, 1960, under President Maurice Yaméogo.

French rule left lasting impacts on administrative structures, education, and language (French remains the official language). Colonial exploitation and forced labor deeply affected local societies and economies. The arbitrary borders drawn by France also contributed to post-independence ethnic and political tensions.

Factors Contributing to Traoré’s Popularity

As of May 2025, Burkina Faso faces multiple challenges. Approximately 40% of the country’s territory remains outside state control due to ongoing jihadist insurgencies. Over 2 million people are internally displaced, and access to essential services like education and healthcare is severely limited.  Despite a GDP growth from $18.8 billion to $22.1 billion under Traoré’s leadership, the nation grapples with poverty and underdevelopment. The United Nations estimates that over 6 million people require humanitarian assistance, highlighting the severity of the crisis.

Traoré’s rhetoric emphasizes African sovereignty and resistance to Western influence. His statement, “Africa doesn’t need the World Bank, IMF, Europe, or America,” resonates with many Africans seeking autonomy from former colonial powers.

Traoré has implemented policies aimed at reducing dependency on foreign aid. Nationalization of two major gold mines and the establishment of a national gold refinery. Development of local industries, including tomato and cotton processing plants.  Rejection of loans from international financial institutions. To combat insurgencies, Traoré has enhanced military capabilities through training and equipment upgrades. Formed alliances with countries like Russia and Türkiye for military support. Established the Alliance of Sahel States with Mali and Niger to strengthen regional security.

Socio-historical Context

Traoré has initiated cultural changes to reinforce national identity. Banned colonial-era legal attire in courts, promoting traditional Burkinabé clothing. Expelled French troops and media, signalling a break from colonial legacies.

Traoré’s leadership draws parallels with that of Thomas Sankara, Burkina Faso’s former revolutionary leader known for his anti-imperialist policies and emphasis on self-reliance. By invoking Sankara’s legacy, Traoré appeals to nationalistic sentiments and the desire for a self-determined African future.

Conclusion

This article examined the socio-historical context of Burkina Faso under the leadership of Captain Ibrahim Traoré, who assumed power in 2022. It explores the nation’s current challenges, including security threats and humanitarian crises, and analyses the factors contributing to Traoré’s domestic and international popularity. I tried to emphasize Traoré’s policies aimed at economic self-sufficiency, anti-colonial stances, and regional alliances, positioning him as a significant figure in contemporary African politics.

Indeed, Captain Ibrahim Traoré’s tenure represents a significant shift in Burkina Faso’s political landscape. His policies reflect a commitment to economic independence, cultural pride, and regional cooperation. While challenges persist, including security threats and humanitarian issues, Traoré’s leadership has garnered both domestic and international attention, positioning him as a prominent figure in the discourse on African sovereignty and development.

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