Cambodia’s Deepening Ties with China

By Mehmet Enes Beşer

Over the past decade, Cambodia has significantly strengthened its relationship with China, a development that has garnered both domestic and international attention. This burgeoning partnership, characterized by extensive economic investments, military collaborations, and political support, presents a complex landscape of opportunities and challenges for Cambodia.​

Economic Engagement: Infrastructure and Investments

China’s economic footprint in Cambodia is substantial, encompassing investments in infrastructure, real estate, and manufacturing sectors. Projects such as the development of Sihanoukville into a special economic zone and the construction of hydropower dams underscore China’s role in Cambodia’s modernization efforts. While these initiatives have spurred economic growth, concerns have emerged regarding environmental sustainability and the equitable distribution of economic benefits. Critics argue that the influx of Chinese businesses has led to increased living costs and social tensions in local communities. ​

Military Cooperation: The Ream Naval Base Controversy

A focal point of Cambodia-China relations is the modernization of the Ream Naval Base. Reports indicate that Chinese funding has facilitated upgrades to the base, raising suspicions about potential dual-use military applications. Satellite imagery and docking of Chinese naval vessels have intensified concerns among neighboring countries and Western powers about China’s strategic intentions in the region. Cambodia maintains that the base’s development serves national interests and asserts that it remains open to international access.

Political Dynamics: Balancing Sovereignty and Dependency

Politically, Cambodia’s alignment with China has provided the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) with diplomatic backing amid criticisms of democratic backsliding. China’s support has been pivotal in shielding Cambodia from international pressures related to human rights and governance issues. However, this close association raises questions about Cambodia’s sovereignty and the potential for over-reliance on a single strategic partner. The challenge lies in balancing the benefits of Chinese support with the imperative of maintaining autonomous policy-making. ​

Regional Implications: ASEAN Unity and Geopolitical Tensions

Cambodia’s deepening ties with China have implications for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). There are concerns that Cambodia’s stance could affect ASEAN’s unity, particularly on issues like the South China Sea disputes, where China’s interests are at odds with those of other ASEAN members. Cambodia’s perceived alignment with China may complicate its relationships with neighboring countries and challenge its ability to act as a neutral mediator within the regional bloc

Domestic Perceptions: Public Sentiment and Social Impact

Domestically, public opinion on China’s influence is mixed. While some acknowledge the economic benefits of Chinese investments, others express concerns about rising crime rates and social disruptions associated with the influx of foreign workers and businesses. A survey conducted in Phnom Penh and 11 provinces revealed that while 66% of respondents recognized both positive and negative aspects of China’s presence, a significant 75% cited crime and security problems as primary reasons for their unfavorable perception.

Strategic Considerations: Navigating a Complex Partnership

Cambodia’s engagement with China is a strategic endeavor that requires careful navigation. While the partnership offers economic growth and political support, it also necessitates vigilance to avoid potential pitfalls such as economic dependency, loss of policy autonomy, and regional isolation. Diversifying foreign relations and investments, strengthening domestic institutions, and engaging in transparent policy-making are crucial steps for Cambodia to ensure that its sovereignty and national interests are preserved amid its deepening ties with China.​

Cambodia’s relationship with China is emblematic of the broader dynamics at play in Southeast Asia, where nations seek to balance economic development with the preservation of sovereignty and regional stability. As Cambodia continues to engage with China, a nuanced approach that carefully weighs the benefits against the potential risks will be essential to ensure sustainable and equitable growth for the nation.